Antibiotics and their resistance genes evolved in non-clinical (natural) environments before human utilization of antibiotics. Some antibiotics may serve for signalling purposes at the low concentrations found in nature, whereas some antibiotic resistance genes were originally selected for metabolic purposes or for signal trafficking. The high concentrations of antibiotics released in nature by human activities (medicine and farming), can shift those functional roles. High concentrations of antibiotics produce transient challenges in the microbiosphere, whereas resistance genes present in gene-transfer units can spread in nature with consequences for human health and for the evolution of environmental microbiota that are largely ignored.
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
Proceedings B is the Royal Society's flagship biological research journal, dedicated to the rapid publication and broad dissemination of high-quality research papers, reviews and comment and reply papers. The scope of the journal is diverse and is especially strong in organismal biology.
rspb.royalsocietypublishing
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